The Empire was really a large number of conquests, held together based on military alliances. This fact would actually come to be one of the reasons for the Incan downfall. The Incans had a rather sophisticated government, broken up into govered territories and an orderly kingdom, a system of mathematics, advanced pottery and textile expertise, and stone temples that were so expertly constructed that even today (without mortar) many are still standing. Part 3 -- Challenges of the landscape of the Incan territory -- the basic challenge of the Incan landscape was that they settled in a mountainous terrain, not really very good for farming. They created terraces that took advantage of what little good soil their was, used irrigation, and developed the potato as their basic food crop. In addition, they had a vast transportation network based on human runners. This helped keep the empire more cohesive.

Part 4 -- Three...

Role of Pachakuti? 1) Inca architecture -- constructing stone temples without using mortar so tight that they fit perfectly; 2) extensive road system the length of the country (about 3,000 miles); 3) Pottery, textiles, and bronze alloy. Pachakuti conquered most of southern Peru and reorganized the Empire into a more federalist system; reorganizing individual territories into an empire. By bringing the separate tribes together under alliances, he was able to form a strong Empire that could probably have survived the Spanish had they remained allied. As it was, the Inca were really only able to control their empire by using a combination of cooperation and subordination -- and it was the subordinates that aligned with the Spanish; not realizing the Spanish would turn on them as well.
Part 5 -- Tribute in the Incan Empire -- Because there was really no currency system, the precious metals that so fascinated the Spanish (e.g. Gold) were more craft-like for the Inca. Instead, land and agricultural wealth were considered tribute, more…